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A mobile broadband modem is a type of modem that allows a personal computer or a router to receive Internet access via a mobile broadband connection instead of using telephone or cable television lines. A mobile Internet user can connect using a wireless modem to a wireless Internet Service Provider (ISP) to get Internet access.
History[edit]
1G and 2G[edit]
While some analogue mobile phones provided a standard RJ11 telephone socket into which a normal landline modem could be plugged, this only provided slow dial-up connections, usually 2.4 kilobit per second (kbit/s) or less. The next generation of phones, known as 2G (for 'second generation'), were digital, and offered faster dial-up speeds of 9.6kbit/s or 14.4kbit/s without the need for a separate modem. A further evolution called HSCSD used multiple GSM channels (two or three in each direction) to support up to 43.2kbit/s. All of these technologies still required their users to have a dial-up ISP to connect to and provide the Internet access - it was not provided by the mobile phone network itself.
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The release of 2.5G phones with support for packet data changed this. The 2.5G networks break both digital voice and data into small chunks, and mix both onto the network simultaneously in a process called packet switching. This allows the phone to have a voice connection and a data connection at the same time, rather than a single channel that has to be used for one or the other. The network can link the data connection into a company network, but for most users the connection is to the Internet. This allows web browsing on the phone, but a PC can also tap into this service if it connects to the phone. The PC needs to send a special telephone number to the phone to get access to the packet data connection. From the PC's viewpoint, the connection still looks like a normal PPP dial-up link, but it is all terminating on the phone, which then handles the exchange of data with the network. Speeds on 2.5G networks are usually in the 30–50kbit/s range.
3G[edit]
3G networks have taken this approach to a higher level, using different underlying technology but the same principles. They routinely provide speeds over 300kbit/s. Due to the now increased internet speed, internet connection sharing via WLAN has become a workable reality. Devices which allow internet connection sharing or other types of routing on cellular networks are called also cellular routers.
A further evolution is the 3.5G technology HSDPA, which provides speeds of multiple Megabits per second. Several of the mobile network operators that provide 3G or faster wireless internet access offer plans and wireless modems that enable computers to connect to and access the internet. These wireless modems are typically in the form of a small USB based device or a small, portable mobile hotspot that acts as a WiFi access point (hotspot) to enable multiple devices to connect to the internet. WiMAX based services that provide high speed wireless internet access are available in some countries and also rely on wireless modems that connect to the provider's wireless network. Wireless USB modems are nicknamed as 'dongles'.
Early 3G mobile broadband modems used the PCMCIA or ExpressCard ports, commonly found on legacy laptops. The expression 'connect card' (instead of connection card) had been registered and used the first time by Vodafone as brand for its products but now is become a brandnomer or genericized trademark used in colloquial or commercial speech for similar product, made by different manufacturers, too. Major producers are Huawei, Option N.V., Novatel Wireless. More recently, the expression 'connect card' is also used to identify internet USB keys.[1] Vodafone brands this type of device as a Vodem.[2]
Often a mobile network operator will supply a 'locked' modem or other wireless device that can only be used on their network. It is possible to use online unlocking services that will remove the 'lock' so the device accepts SIM cards from any network.
Variants[edit]
Standalone[edit]
Standalone mobile broadband modems are designed to be connected directly to one computer. In the past the PCMCIA and ExpressCard standards were used to connect to the computer. As USB connectivity became almost universal, these various standards were largely superseded by USB modems in the early 21st century. Some models have GPS support, providing geographical location information.[3]
Integrated router[edit]
Many mobile broadband modems sold nowadays also have built-in routing capabilities. They provide traditional networking interfaces such as Ethernet, USB and Wi-Fi.[4]
Smartphones and tethering[edit]
Numerous smartphones support the Hayes command set and therefore can be used as a mobile broadband modem. Some mobile network operators charge a fee for this facility,[5] if able to detect the tethering. Other networks have an allowance for full speed mobile broadband access, which—if exceeded—can result in overage charges or slower speeds.[6]
An Internet-accessing smartphone may have the same capabilities as a standalone modem, and, when connected via a USB cable to a computer, can serve as a modem for the computer. Smartphones with built-in Wi-Fi also typically provide routing and wireless access point facilities. This method of connecting is commonly referred to as 'tethering.'[6]
Service providers[edit]
There are competing common carriersbroadcasting signal in most countries.
Technologies[edit]
- CDMA2000 (3G)
- EVDO (3G, although could be considered to be 3.5G due to its peak bandwidth)
- GPRS (2.5G)
- HiperMAN (pre-4G)
- HSDPA (3.5G)
- HSPA+ 3.75G
- iBurst (pre-4G)
- LTE (4G)
- LTE Advanced (4G)
- UMTS (3G)
- WiBro (pre-4G)
- WiMAX (pre-4G)
Device driver switching[edit]
Mobile broadband modems often use a virtual CD-ROM switching utility and have the device drivers on board. Those modems have two modes, a USB flash drive mode and in the other mode they are a modem. Via the USB Protocol.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'Devices for Portable Wi-Fi & Mobile Hotspot - AT&T'.
- ^'Error'.
- ^'Phone'. Sony Xperia (Global UK English). Archived from the original on 1 June 2009.
- ^Danny Briere; Pat Hurley; Edward Ferris (2008). Wireless Home Networking for Dummies (3 ed.). For Dummies. p. 265. ISBN978-0-470-25889-7.
- ^Brian Nadel (November 4, 2011). 'Wi-Fi tethering 101: Use a smartphone as a mobile hotspot'. Computerworld. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
- ^ abKim, Eugene and Alex Colon, 'The Best Mobile Hotspots of 2015', June 10, 2015, PC Magazine retrieved November 4, 2015
External links[edit]
- Media related to Wireless modems at Wikimedia Commons
Vodafone UK's high-speed network is state-of-the-art, the result of billions in investment over the last five years. But how do all the parts fit together?
The coronavirus crisis is bringing home to people just how important our mobile and fixed line broadband networks are in keeping the UK connected.
Our introductory guide explains how they all work.
TheRadio network
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Let's start with the most visible part of the network – masts and antennas. Whether 2G, 3G, 4G or 5G, they use radio waves to transmit voice calls, texts and internet data to and from our smartphones and other devices.
The broadcast area of each mast has to overlap a little with the next one along. This helps ensure that, even when you move out of range of one mast and into the range of another, your calls don't drop and your mobile data continues to send and receive uninterrupted.
Masts and antennas come in all shapes and sizes, not just the lattice towers that are the most visible. To find out more about masts – why they have to be where they are and so on – read our Q&A.
Number of Vodafone sites (masts as well as smaller mini-masts and antennas) in the UK
When you make a mobile phone call, the digital signal flies through the air to the nearest mast, but from this point on it usually travels along fibre optic cables or via microwaves – known as the mobile backhaul – to our RedStream network (see below).
Home broadband
Your home broadband data takes a slightly different journey. Inside your home, your devices link wirelessly to a Wi-Fi router, but once outside the home the data is carried by fixed line.
With Vodafone Superfast broadband, a copper cable takes the data to the nearest street-side wiring cabinet which serves you and many of your neighbours. Vega grieshaber kg driver download for windows 8.1. From there, fibre optic cable takes over and whisks the data to the local exchange. This is sometimes called Fibre-To-The-Cabinet (FTTC).
With Vodafone Gigafast Full Fibre Broadband, the connection from your local exchange to your home will be fibre optic all the way – hence the name ‘full fibre', or Fibre-To-The-Home/Premises (FTTH/P). As a result, it is significantly faster, particularly with upload speeds – essential for tasks such as working from home and back-ups to cloud storage.
Once voice and internet data arrive at the local telephone exchanges they then hitch a ride on our superfast expressway, RedStream.
RedStream
RedStream is the backbone supporting all Vodafone UK's telephony, video and data services – a nationwide fibre optic system running the latest technologies from the likes of Cisco, Ciena, Juniper and Nokia.
The fibre optic cables are like the motorways between sites; Internet Protocol (IP) routers and switches are like the motorway junctions.
This blisteringly fast transmission network is split into 526 geographic aggregation zones, each around the size of Bristol or Manchester, to help manage demand for data. Many of the fibre optic cables that make up RedStream will run along telegraph poles and through underground ducts and tunnels owned by Openreach.
These carry traffic to and from our core network.
For many business and public sector customers, RedStream can run connections directly into their premises without needing to pass through any exchanges, making for an even faster service.
The Core network
This is the highly-protected brains of the operation consisting of several data centres – vast warehouse-sized buildings filled with racks of powerful server computers – as well as several command-and-control Network Operation Centres (NOCs) all with dedicated links to each other.
Operating round the clock every single day of the year, these facilities handle the most sensitive tasks – routing data from place-to-place, billing, customer location details, as well as security and fraud prevention.
They also handle interconnects – the secure high-capacity links between our network and those of other mobile, landline and broadband providers – ensuring your calls and data reach their ultimate destination.
As you might expect, access to these facilities is highly restricted.
Our Core network is also linked via RedStream to the services that we all rely upon and enjoy, from Amazon Prime Video and NowTV, to Skype, Gmail, Facebook and Twitter.
All of these service providers run on data centres of their own, of course, and if these are based abroad, the data will flow back and forth along our extensive network of deep-sea fibre optic cables.
Dedicated engineers
Vodafone Network Coverage
So as you can see, the Vodafone UK network is complex, fast and built for the future. Teams of experienced, highly specialised engineers, technicians and programmers are needed to operate, maintain and upgrade it.
Vodafone Network Issues
And during the coronavirus crisis they are working harder than ever to make sure our network can cope with the huge change in voice and data usage staying at home has entailed, as Vodafone UK's Chief Technology Officer Scott Petty explains.
Vodafone Network & Wireless Cards Drivers
Despite a 30% increase in internet traffic and a 50% increase in voice traffic, Scott says the network is performing 'really well'.